Satellite vs. Spacecraft — What's the Difference?

Satellites are objects that orbit planets, moons, or other celestial bodies, either naturally, like moons, or artificially, like communication satellites. Spacecraft, on the other hand, are vehicles engineered for space exploration, travel, or research, and can include manned or unmanned vehicles such as shuttles, probes, and rovers.

While all artificial satellites are a type of spacecraft designed specifically for orbiting, not all spacecraft are satellites. For example, a spacecraft intended for landing on Mars or returning to Earth is not considered a satellite. This distinction highlights the specific function and trajectory of satellites compared to the broader capabilities of spacecraft.

Satellites are often used for communication, weather monitoring, Earth observation, and scientific research while remaining in orbit around a celestial body. Spacecraft can carry out a wider range of missions, including human spaceflight, planetary exploration, and even carrying satellites into space to deploy them into orbit.

The design and technology of satellites focus on longevity and stability in a fixed orbit, with many equipped to stay in space for years or even decades. Spacecraft designed for missions beyond orbiting may have more complex systems for navigation, landing, and return to Earth, or for deep space communication.

Artificial satellites can be geostationary, maintaining a position relative to the Earth, or in various other orbits depending on their mission. Spacecraft, especially those designed for exploration, often have trajectories that take them far from Earth, to other planets, or into deep space, requiring different propulsion and navigation technologies.