Plateau vs. Highland — What's the Difference?

A plateau is characterized by its relatively flat terrain at a higher elevation than the surrounding area, often formed by geological processes such as volcanic activity or the uplift of the earth's crust. Plateaus can be found around the world, serving as areas for settlement, agriculture, or as natural barriers. In contrast, highlands refer to any land area that is elevated above the surrounding region, typically featuring a variety of terrain including mountains, hills, and plateaus. Highlands are often associated with mountainous regions, showcasing more topographical diversity and complexity than a plateau.

The formation of plateaus is usually the result of tectonic activity, lava outpouring, or erosion that leaves a flat area elevated above the surrounding landscape. This process results in a distinct landform with steep sides and a flat top, commonly found in both arid and humid environments. Highlands, however, encompass a broader range of elevated terrains, formed through a variety of geological processes, including the collision of tectonic plates that create mountains and uplifted areas. As a result, highlands can include plateaus within their expanse, alongside other elevated features.

Plateaus are known for their significant ecological and climatic impacts, often creating unique habitats due to their elevation and isolation. For example, the Tibetan Plateau, known as the "Roof of the World," influences climate patterns across Asia. Meanwhile, highlands, with their varied terrain, support diverse ecosystems and climates within the same region, from dense forests to bare rock, depending on altitude, latitude, and other environmental factors. Highlands can thus offer a wider range of biodiversity and climatic zones than plateaus.

In human geography, plateaus are often areas of significant agricultural and settlement importance, providing flat lands at high elevations that are conducive to certain types of farming and habitation. High altitude plateaus like those in Ethiopia are renowned for their agricultural productivity. On the other hand, highlands might be less densely populated due to their rugged terrain but are valued for their water resources, as they often form the headwaters of major river systems, and for their cultural and historical significance in many parts of the world.

Despite their differences, both plateaus and highlands play crucial roles in the earth’s geography, influencing weather patterns, human settlement, and biodiversity. The distinction between them lies in their formation, terrain, and the ecological and human activities they support. While plateaus offer expansive flat areas at high elevations, highlands encompass a mix of elevated terrains, each contributing uniquely to the planet's diversity.