Cyanide vs. Nitrile — What's the Difference?

Cyanide is an anion composed of a carbon atom triple bonded to a nitrogen atom. Its chemical formula is CN−. Cyanides are infamous for their high toxicity and are used in various industrial applications, including mining and electroplating. In contrast, the term nitrile describes organic compounds that contain a functional group with the structure -C≡N. Nitriles are a broader category, of which cyanide is a part.

When cyanide is mentioned, one often thinks of its poisonous nature. It works by inhibiting cellular respiration, particularly in the mitochondria. This harmful property has made it a subject of concern in various contexts, from environmental issues to its historical use as poison. Nitrile, on the other hand, refers more broadly to compounds containing the C≡N group. Nitriles play a significant role in organic synthesis and are precursors to a variety of useful compounds.

Despite its toxicity, cyanide is utilized in several industries. For instance, it's a vital agent in gold mining, where it helps extract gold from ore. It's crucial to handle and dispose of it responsibly to prevent environmental contamination. Nitrile compounds, particularly those used in making synthetic rubber like nitrile gloves, exhibit resistance to chemicals, oil, and heat, making them valuable in various applications.

In essence, while both cyanide and nitrile feature a carbon-nitrogen triple bond, their context of usage and associated implications differ widely. Cyanide often pertains to the toxic ion, while nitrile is an overarching term encompassing a range of organic compounds, including cyanide.