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Mastaba vs. Pyramid — What's the Difference?

By Tayyaba Rehman — Published on November 12, 2023
Mastabas are flat-roofed, rectangular structures with outward sloping sides; pyramids have polygonal bases and triangular sides meeting at a point above. Both are ancient Egyptian tombs.
Mastaba vs. Pyramid — What's the Difference?

Difference Between Mastaba and Pyramid

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Key Differences

Mastaba is an Arabic word meaning 'bench', signifying the rectangular structure with a flat roof and sloping sides found extensively in Ancient Egypt. Constructed primarily of mud-brick or stone, mastabas were utilized as tombs for high-ranking individuals during the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. Notably, mastabas, while being tombs, held significant relevance in afterlife beliefs, showcasing detailed scenes of daily life, religious rites, and offerings within their interior decorations.
Pyramids, one of the most iconic symbols of ancient Egypt, emerged from the architectural evolution of the mastaba. The step pyramid, introduced by Pharaoh Djoser, exemplifies a transition where mastabas were stacked upon each other, decreasing in size upward. Pyramids were more than mere burial places; they were metaphors of the pharaoh's celestial ascent and symbolized the primordial mound of creation, amalgamating royal and religious symbolism within their colossal structures.
Mastabas catered to a more privileged class of officials and were not restricted to royalty. Their interior space often comprised of a chapel and a burial chamber, portraying vivid reliefs and inscriptions to facilitate the journey of the deceased to the afterlife. Burial provisions, including offerings and statuettes, were fundamental to ensure continuity in the subsequent world, reflecting the intricate belief system embedded in mastaba construction.
In contrast, pyramids, particularly during the Fourth Dynasty, evolved to monumental proportions, with Pharaoh Khufu's pyramid at Giza being one of the most renowned worldwide. Pyramids, despite their external simplicity, encompass intricate internal architectures, encompassing a network of chambers, passageways, and occasionally, cryptic inscriptions, all deliberately designed to navigate the pharaoh through the afterlife and safeguard his eternal existence.
The mastaba, with its simpler structure, suggests a pragmatic and perhaps more accessible means of addressing the afterlife, juxtaposed with the immense resource and labor investment seen in pyramid construction. The mastaba tomb art and its architectural features present a tangible link to understanding daily life, social structures, and religious beliefs in Ancient Egypt.
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While pyramids evolved to various forms throughout Egyptian history, they sustained their association with divine kingship and cosmic creation. The alignment, materials, construction techniques, and internal structures of the pyramids articulate an amalgamation of technological prowess, administrative capability, and profound religious beliefs, revealing the sophisticated societal framework within which they were built.

Comparison Chart

Shape

Rectangular base, flat roof, sloping sides
Polygonal base, triangular sides meeting at a point

Historical Period

Predominant in Early Dynastic Period & Old Kingdom
Emerged prominently during the Old Kingdom

Usage

Tombs for high-ranking individuals, not just royalty
Predominantly royal tombs

Interior

Contains chapels and burial chambers, vividly decorated
Complex internal structures, chambers, and passageways

Symbolism

Focused on afterlife beliefs and journey of the deceased
Represented royal ascent to the afterlife and creation mound

Compare with Definitions

Mastaba

Mastabas were principally constructed from mud-bricks or stones.
Stone mastabas became prevalent in the later periods of ancient Egypt.

Pyramid

A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common point.

Mastaba

The mastaba's interior often features detailed depictions of daily and religious life.
Visitors to mastabas can view scenes showcasing agricultural and artisanal activities.

Pyramid

Something shaped like this polyhedron.

Mastaba

A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides.
The mastaba of Ti in Saqqara is renowned for its detailed and vibrant reliefs.

Pyramid

A massive monument of ancient Egypt having a rectangular base and four triangular faces culminating in a single apex, built over or around a crypt or tomb.

Mastaba

Mastabas served as burial places for officials and high-ranking individuals.
The mastaba ensured the deceased were provided for in their journey through the afterlife.

Pyramid

Any of various similar constructions, especially a four-sided Mesoamerican temple having stepped sides and a flat top surmounted by chambers.

Mastaba

Mastabas, despite their architectural simplicity, reveal detailed insights into ancient Egyptian beliefs and society.
The inscriptions within mastabas often convey religious practices and beliefs of the time.

Pyramid

The transactions involved in pyramiding stock.

Mastaba

An ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides, and a flat roof.

Pyramid

(Anatomy) A structure or part suggestive of a pyramid in shape.

Mastaba

A wide stone bench built into the wall of a house, shop etc. in the Middle East.

Pyramid

To place or build in the shape of a pyramid.

Mastaba

(architecture) A rectangular structure with a flat top and slightly sloping sides, built during Ancient Egyptian times above tombs that were situated on flat land. Mastabas were made of wood, mud bricks, stone, or a combination of these materials. Some are solid structures, while others can contain one or more rooms, sometimes decorated with paintings or inscriptions.
The pyramids at Giza are flanked by large cemeteries containing hundreds of mastabas.

Pyramid

To build (an argument or thesis, for example) progressively from a basic general premise.

Mastaba

In Mohammedan countries, a fixed seat, common in dwellings and in public places.

Pyramid

To speculate in (stock) by making a series of buying and selling transactions in which paper profits are used as margin for buying more stock.

Mastaba

A type of tomb, of the time of the Memphite dynasties, comprising an oblong structure with sloping sides (sometimes containing a decorated chamber, sometimes of solid masonry), and connected with a mummy chamber in the rock beneath.

Pyramid

To assume the shape of a pyramid.

Mastaba

An ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof;
The Egyptian pyramids developed from the mastaba

Pyramid

To increase rapidly and on a widening base.

Pyramid

To pyramid stocks.

Pyramid

An ancient massive construction with a square or rectangular base and four triangular sides meeting in an apex, such as those built as tombs in Egypt or as bases for temples in Mesoamerica.

Pyramid

A construction in the shape of a pyramid, usually with a square or rectangular base.

Pyramid

(geometry) A solid with triangular lateral faces and a polygonal (often square or rectangular) base.

Pyramid

(neuroanatomy) A medullary pyramid, the medial-most bumps on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata

Pyramid

The game of pool in which the balls are placed in the form of a triangle at spot.

Pyramid

A pyramid scheme.

Pyramid

Alternative case form of Pyramid}}. {{gloss

Pyramid

(card games) The triangular layout of cards in the game of Pyramid.
Build your pyramid with all cards face down, except the cards in the bottom row.

Pyramid

(journalism) An approximately triangular headline consisting of several centered lines of text of increasing length.

Pyramid

To build up or be arranged in the form of a pyramid.

Pyramid

To combine (a series of genes) into a single genotype.

Pyramid

(intransitive) To employ, or take part in, a pyramid scheme.

Pyramid

(finance) To engage in pyramid trading.

Pyramid

A solid body standing on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, and terminating in a point at the top; especially, a structure or edifice of this shape.

Pyramid

A solid figure contained by a plane rectilineal figure as base and several triangles which have a common vertex and whose bases are sides of the base.

Pyramid

The game of pool in which the balls are placed in the form of a triangle at spot.

Pyramid

A fraudulent investment scheme in which the manager promises high profits, but instead of investing the money in a genuine profit-making activity, uses the money from later investors to pay the profits to earlier investors; - also called pyramid scheme or pyramid operation. This process inevitably collapses when insufficient new investors are available, leaving the later investors with total or near-total losses of their investments. The managers usually blame government regulations or interference for the collapse of the scheme, rather than admit fraud.

Pyramid

To enlarge one's holding or interest in a series of operations on a continued rise or decline by using the profits to buy or sell additional amounts on a margin, as where one buys on a 10% margin 100 shares of stock quoted at 100, holds it till it rises to 105, and then uses the paper profit to buy 50 shares more, etc. The series of operations constitutes a pyramid. A similar process of reinvesting gains or winnings (as of a gamble), but not involving operation on margin, is called a parlay.

Pyramid

A polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex

Pyramid

(stock market) a series of transactions in which the speculator increases his holdings by using the rising market value of those holdings as margin for further purchases

Pyramid

A massive memorial with a square base and four triangular sides; built as royal tombs in ancient Egypt

Pyramid

Enlarge one's holdings on an exchange on a continued rise by using paper profits as margin to buy additional amounts

Pyramid

Use or deal in (as of stock or commercial transaction) in a pyramid deal

Pyramid

Arrange or build up as if on the base of a pyramid

Pyramid

Increase rapidly and progressively step by step on a broad base

Common Curiosities

Where are Mastabas commonly found?

Mastabas are primarily found in ancient Egyptian burial sites, especially in the early dynastic periods.

What is the most famous Pyramid?

The Great Pyramid of Giza, built for Pharaoh Khufu, is the most famous and largest pyramid.

How is a Pyramid defined?

A Pyramid is a monumental structure with a triangular or square base and sloping sides that meet at a point at the top, mainly built as a royal tomb in ancient Egypt.

What is a Mastaba?

A Mastaba is an ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides, and a flat roof, typically built of mud-bricks or stone.

Are Mastabas unique to Egypt?

While Mastabas are predominantly associated with ancient Egypt, similar structures have been found in other parts of the ancient Near East.

How do Mastabas differ from Pyramids?

While both serve as tombs, Mastabas have a flat roof and are rectangular, whereas Pyramids have triangular sides that converge to a point at the top.

What's inside a Mastaba?

A Mastaba typically contains a chapel for offerings, a statue of the deceased, and underground chambers where the body and grave goods are placed.

How did the design of Pyramids evolve?

The pyramid design evolved from the Mastaba. As architectural techniques advanced, the step pyramid was developed, which later transitioned to the true smooth-sided pyramid.

Why were Pyramids built?

Pyramids were primarily built as royal tombs, representing the might of the Pharaoh, and to ensure the king's safe passage to the afterlife.

What's the significance of the Pyramid's shape?

The pyramid's shape is believed to symbolize the primordial mound from which the ancient Egyptians believed the Earth was created. It also represents the sun's rays descending to the Earth.

Are there Pyramids outside Egypt?

Yes, pyramids exist in various parts of the world, like Sudan, Mexico, and India. However, their purposes and designs might differ from the Egyptian pyramids.

How were Mastabas constructed?

Mastabas were constructed using mud-bricks or stone, with interior chambers carved out for the deceased and their belongings.

Why were Mastabas built?

Mastabas were built as tombs for the elite and officials, providing a place for the deceased's ka (spirit) and housing offerings to sustain the dead in the afterlife.

Did anyone other than Pharaohs have Mastabas?

Yes, while Pharaohs had grander tombs, Mastabas were built for nobles, officials, and other individuals of high status.

Are there any religious practices associated with Pyramids and Mastabas?

Yes, both structures had religious significance, with rituals, offerings, and ceremonies performed to honor the dead and ensure their well-being in the afterlife.

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Author Spotlight

Written by
Tayyaba Rehman
Tayyaba Rehman is a distinguished writer, currently serving as a primary contributor to askdifference.com. As a researcher in semantics and etymology, Tayyaba's passion for the complexity of languages and their distinctions has found a perfect home on the platform. Tayyaba delves into the intricacies of language, distinguishing between commonly confused words and phrases, thereby providing clarity for readers worldwide.

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